Sunday, November 13, 2011

The 12 Most Religious Filipinos

Philippines is the only Christian country in Asia. Although there are also Christians in other Asian countries, only the Philippines has the largest percentage of Christians based on its population.

In order to become a saint, a person must be recognized first by the church authorities as a "servant of God" then as a "venerable" to be followed by "blessed" and finally to be beatified as "saint".

Saint
1.) Lorenzo Ruiz


The most famous religious Filipino ever is Saint Lorenzo Ruiz. He was born in 1600 CE in Binondo, Manila and served as an altar boy at the convent of Binondo church. He is also known as San Lorenzo de Manila. Ruiz is the first Filipino saint venerated in the Roman Catholic Church. He was martyred during persecution of Japanese Christians under the Tokugawa Shogunate in the 17th century on September 29, 1637.

Blessed
2.) Pedro Calungsod
Pedro CalungsodImage via Wikipedia



Blessed Pedro Calungsod is a Filipino Catholic martyr and is currently considered blessed. He was born in Ginatilan, Cebu Island in 1654. He was killed while doing missionary work in Guam on April 2, 1672. Calungsod was beatified on March 5, 2000, by Pope John Paul II.



An image of Blessed Pedro Calungsod in the Monument to the history of Cebu, Philippines in Plaza Colon

Venerable
3.) Isabel Larrañaga Ramirez


One of the only venerable Filipinos is Isabel Larrañaga Ramirez. She is also known as "Isabel of the Heart of Jesus". She was born on November 19, 1600 in Manila, Philippines and her cause for beatification is currently underway with saint protocol number: 994. She is the founder of The Sisters of Charity of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.

4.) Mother Ignatia del Espíritu Santo
Ignacia del Espíritu SantoImage via Wikipedia



One of the only two Filipinos considered venerable is Mother Ignacia del Espíritu Santo. Mother Ignatia led a religious life in 1684 and the founder of Beaterio de la Compañía de Jesús, now known as Congregation of the Sisters of the Religious of the Virgin Mary (RVM), the first Filipino congregation for religious women in the Philippines. She was born on February 1, 1663. In July 6, 2007, Pope Benedict XVI accepted the findings of the prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints and declared that “the Servant of God, Ignacia, foundress of the Religious of the Blessed Virgin Mary, is found to possess to a heroic degree the theological virtues of Faith, Hope and Charity toward God and neighbor, as well as the cardinal virtues of Prudence, Justice, Temperance and Fortitude.”

Servants of God
5.) Dionisia Talangpaz


One of the Servants of God is Dionisia Talangpaz,  a Filipino Roman Catholic figure. She is one of the founders of the "Beaterio de San Sebastian de Calumpang" in 1719. Talangpaz was born on March 12, 1691, in Calumpit, Bulacan.
On 10 September 1999, she was given the title "Servant of God" together with her sister Cecilia.

6.) Cecilia Talangpaz


Another famous religious Filipino figure is Cecilia Talangpaz,s a Kapampangan Catholic. She was born on July 16, 1693 in Calumpit, Bulacan. Talangpaz is one of the founders of the "Beaterio de San Sebastian de Calumpang" in 1719. It is now known as the "Congregation of the Augustinian Recollect Sisters". Her beatification process is underway with protocol number: 2303. On 10 September 1999, she and her sister Dionisia, had their causes for beatification opened, bestowed with the go-signal Nulla Osta” and thereby giving them the titles "Servants of God."

7.) Francisca del Espíritu Santo de Fuentes


Francisca del Espíritu Santo de Fuentes is a Servant of God. She is a Spanish-Filipina Roman Catholic religious figure. De Fuentes was born in 1647. Francisca is the first Prioress of the Congragation of the Dominican Sisters of St. Catherine of Siena in the Philippines. She died on August 24, 1711 and was buried at the gospel side of the chapel of Colegio de San Juan de Letran. She was elevated to be a Servant of God after giving upon the go-signal “Nulla osta” on March 11, 2003, with protocol number 2533.

8.) Maria Beatriz del Rosario Arroyo


Maria Beatriz del Rosario Arroyo was a Filipino nun. She is the founder of the Dominican Sisters of the Most Holy Rosary of the Philippines. Maria Beatriz was born on February 17, 1884 in Molo, Iloilo. She died on June 14, 1957.

9.) Alfredo Maria Obviar


Alfredo Maria Obviar was born on August 29, 1889 in Mataas na Lupa, Lipa City in Batangas. He died on October 1, 1978. This Filipino Servant of God is venerated in the Roman Catholic Church. His cause for beatification is currently underway; He was declared Servant of God on 6 March 2001 with saint protocol number: 2398 . He is the founder of Missionary Catechists of Saint Therese of the Child Jesus. He was the Bishop of Lucena City until his death.

10.) Carlo Braga


Carlo Braga was born on May 23, 1889 in Tirano, Sondrio, Italy. He was a professed priest of the Salesians of don Bosco. He died on January 3, 1971 in Makati, Philippines.
The cause for his beatification is already in the preliminary stages of the diocesan investigation but has not yet received the decree “nihil obstat” from the Congregation for the causes of Saints.

11.) Teofilo Camomot
Teofilo Camomot was born in March 03 1914 in Carcar, Cebu, Philippines. He was coadjutor archbishop of Cagayan de Oro; titular archbishop of Marcianopolis; and founder of Daughters of Saint Teresa. He died on September 27 1988 in San Fernando, Cebu, Philippines. He is currently in consideration for sainthood in the Roman Catholic Church granted the nihil obstat in September 2010 by the Congregation for the Causes of Saints.

12.) Fr. Rhoel Gallardo
Father Rhoel Gallardo was a Claretian missionary in Basilan, Philippines. He became a modern-day martyr on May 3, 2000 when he was murdered by Islamic rebels. Gallardo suffered 3 gunshot wounds in his head, shoulder and back, and the nails of his index finger and on his toes had been pulled out two or three days before he was shot at close range.
The cause for his beatification is already in the preliminary stages of the diocesan investigation but has not yet received the decree “nihil obstat” from the Congregation for the Causes of Saints.

See also
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Friday, November 11, 2011

Interesting Facts About Saint Lorenzo Ruiz: The First Filipino Saint


Perhaps, the most famous religious Filipino ever is Saint Lorenzo Ruiz. Here are some of the most interesting facts about this Filipino saint.

1.) Saint Lorenzo Ruiz was born in 1600 CE in Binondo, Manila.
2.) He served as an altar boy at the convent of Binondo Church.
3.) Ruiz is also known as San Lorenzo de Manila.
4.) Lorenzo Ruiz is the first Filipino saint venerated in the Roman Catholic Church.
5.) He was martyred during persecution of Japanese Christians under the Tokugawa Shogunate in the 17th century.



6.) Ruiz’s father was a Chinese and his mother was a Filipina.
7.) His parents were both Catholics and Ruiz was both fluent in Chinese and Tagalog.
8.) Lorenzo was educated by the Dominican friars and earned the title of escribano (calligrapher) because of his skillful hand and unsurpassed penmanship.
9.) Lorenzo Ruiz was a member of the Cofradia del Santissimo Rosario or Confraternity of the Most Holy Rosary.
10.) He married and had two sons and a daughter with his Filipino wife.
11.) Life for the Ruiz family was generally peaceful, religious and full of contentment.
12.) In 1636, while working as a clerk at the Binondo Church, Ruiz was falsely accused of killing a Spaniard.
13.) Because of the allegation, Ruiz sought asylum on board a ship with three Dominican priests.
14.) His companions were Saint Antonio Gonzalez; Saint Guillermo Courtet; Saint Miguel de Aozaraza, a Japanese priest; Saint Vicente Shiwozuka de la Cruz; and a layman named Saint Lazaro of Kyoto, a leper.
15.) Ruiz and his companions left for Japan on June 10, 1636, with the aid of the Dominican fathers and Fr.Giovanni Yago.
16.) Ruiz and company was arrested and persecuted for their Christian religion upon reaching Okinawa, Japan.
17.) They were brought to Nagasaki on July 10, 1636 and were tortured in many ways.
18.) They were hanged by their feet, submerged in water until near death and by water torture.
19.) Needles were also inserted in their finger nails and they were beaten until unconscious.
20. Because of the excruciating pain from these methods, some of Ruiz's companions recant their faith, but Ruiz never did.
21.) On September 27, 1637, Ruiz and his companions were taken to the "Mountain of Martyrs" and they were hung upside down into a pit known as horca y hoya, or tsurishi.
22.) TSURISHI was considered as the most painful way to die at the time because it involved the use of rocks to add weight to the person being punished.
23.) The individual being tortured suffocated quickly while being crushed by his own weight.
24.) On September 29, 1637, Lorenzo Ruiz died from hemorrhage and suffocation.
25.) Ruiz’s body was cremated and his ashes were thrown into the sea

See also

Wednesday, November 9, 2011

75 Amazing and Bizarre Things About Zeus: Chief God of the Greek Gods and Goddesses


Zeus is the chief god of the Greeks gods and goddesses. He is the equivalent of the Roman’s Jupiter. Here are some of the most interesting and fascinating things about this legendary Greek god.

1.) The “Temple of Zeus” at Olympia, Greece is one of the Ancient Wonders of the World. It contained a huge statue of Zeus and was built in honor of him.

2.) The temple of Doric style was constructed between 472 and 456 BCE.

3.) The Statue of Zeus was about 13 meters in height and was created by the sculptor Phidias.

4.) Zeus’ statue took Phidias 12 years to complete it and was the most famous artistic work in Greece.

5.) On this statue, he was wearing a gold sandals and gold robe and the throne was decorated with gold, precious stones, ebony and ivory.


6.) In the ancient Greek religion, Zeus is the "Father of Gods and men" who ruled the Olympians of Mount Olympus as a father ruled the family.

7.) Ancient Greeks believed that Zeus was the creator of weather; creating droughts, heavy rain, and storms.

8.) Zeus counterpart in the Hindu mythology is god Indra and his Etruscan counterpart is Tinia.

9.) In Greek mythology, Zeus is the god of sky and thunder.

10.) Zeus is also known by such aliases as "the Rain God" and "the Cloud Gatherer". He is also known as the god of weather and fertility.

11.) Zeus was a god of morality, even though he is a womanizer. He would reward the good and the righteous and would punish those who would commit evil deeds.

12.) Although Zeus is considered as the god of marriage, he himself had several illicit relationships. But he was a powerful and just ruler.

13.) Zeus was the patron of hospitality and guests, ready to avenge any wrong done to a stranger.

14.) Zeus most famous symbols include the bull, eagle, oak and his most popular symbol - the thunderbolt.

15.) Zeus was the bearer of the Aegis with which he strikes terror into the impious and his enemies.

16.) Zeus sacred bird was the Golden Eagle, which he kept by his side at all times. Like him, the eagle was a symbol of strength, courage, and justice.

17.) His favorite tree was the Oak, a symbol of strength. Olive trees were also sacred to him

18.) Zeus is believed to have been born in a cave on Mount Ida on the island of Crete.

19.) His mother is Rhea and his father is Cronus. Zeus was the 6th child of Cronus and Rhea; the youngest child.

20.) Zeus's father was a greedy man who loved being a supreme god and due to his lust for power he would eat his own children birthed by Rhea.

21.) Cronus had learned from Gaia and Uranus that he was destined to be overcome by his own son as he had overthrown his own father.

22.)  Cronus, fearful of being usurped, kept eating Rhea's children. Rhea tricked Cronus after giving birth to Zeus by substituting a swaddled rock for her husband's snack.

23.) Zeus obtained his rule in the heavens and Mount Olympus by conquering his father Cronus

24.) He conquered his father and freed his siblings, who were still living in Cronus’ stomach.

25.) It was the Cyclopes who gave Zeus thunder and thunderbolt as a token of their appreciation for releasing them from their dungeon in Tartarus.


 26.) Zeus was married to his sister Hera, the goddess of marriage.

27.) At the oracle of Dodona, his consort was Dione.

28.) Zeus is the father of Aphrodite by Dione.

29.) Zeus is known for his erotic escapades which resulted in many godly and heroic offspring.

30.) His other children include Apollo, Artemis, Athena, and Hermes by Demeter.

31.) Dionysius, Perseus, Heracles, Helen of Troy, Minos and the Muses are his children by Mnemosyne.

32.) Zeus children by Hera are Ares, Hebe and Hephaestus.

33.) When Hera gave birth to Hephaestus, Zeus threw him off the top of Mount Olympus because of his repulsive appearance.

34.) Athena, the goddess of wisdom, has at times been called the favorite daughter and adviser of Zeus.

35.) Of all Zeus’ children Zeus, Heracles was often described as his favorite. Heracles was often called by various gods and people as "the favorite son of Zeus".

36.) Zeus and Heracles were very close and in one story, where a tribe of earth-born Giants threatened Olympus and the Oracle at Delphi decreed that only the combined efforts of a lone god and mortal could stop the creature, Zeus and Heracles defeated the monsters.

37.) Hades and Poseidon, (god of the underworld and god of the sea, respectively) siblings of Zeus helped him in conquering their father.

38.) Zeus destroyed his father by striking him with a deadly thunderbolt.

39.) The gods and goddesses who are not Zeus natural children address him as Father, and all the gods and goddesses rise in his presence.

40.) As an infant, Zeus was reared by Gaia and by a goat named Amalthea, while a company of Kouretes - soldiers, or smaller gods - danced, shouted and clashed their spears against their shields so that Cronus would not hear the baby's cry.

41.) Zeus was raised by a nymph named Adamanthea. Since Cronus ruled over the Earth, the heaven and the sea, she hid him by dangling him on a rope from a tree so he was suspended between earth, sea and sky and thus, invisible to his father.

42.) He was raised by a nymph named Cynosura. In gratitude, Zeus placed her among the stars.

43.) Zeus was raised by Melissa, who nursed him with goat’s-milk and honey.

44.) He was raised by a shepherd family under the promise that their sheep would be saved from wolves.

45.) Zeus brothers and sisters, along with the Gigantes, Hecatonchires and Cyclopes overthrew Cronus and the other Titans, in the combat called the Titanomachy.


46.) The combined forced of Zeus that defeated the Titans. The Titans were then cast into a shadowy underworld region known as Tartarus.

47.) Atlas, one of the Titans that fought against Zeus, was punished by having to hold up the sky.

48.) After the battle with the Titans, Zeus shared the world with his elder brothers, Poseidon and Hades:

49.) Zeus got the sky and air, Poseidon the waters, and Hades the world of the dead or the underworld.

50.) The Titans were the children of Gaia. Zeus Zeus had to fight some of Gaia's other children, the monster Typhon and Echidna.

51.) Zeus vanquished Typhon and trapped him under Mount Etna, but left Echidna and her children alive.

52.) Zeus also had relationships with Leto and Maia and with the mortals Europa, Io, Leda and Semele.

53.) Zeus is sometimes depicted as a middle-aged man with strong muscular arms. His facial hair can be a full beard and mustache.

54.) Zeus condemned Ixion to be tied to a fiery wheel for eternity as punishment for attempting to violate Hera.

55.) Zeus sank the Telchines beneath the sea.

56.) Zeus blinded the seer Phineus and sent the Harpies to plague him as punishment for revealing the secrets of the gods.

57.) Zeus rewarded Tiresias with a life three times the norm as reward for ruling in his favor when he and Hera contested which of the sexes gained the most pleasure from the act of love.

58.) Zeus punished Hera by having her hung upside down from the sky when she attempted to drown Heracles in a storm.

59.) At the wedding rites of Zeus and Hera, a nymph named Chelone refused to attend. Zeus transformed her into a tortoise. Tortoise is called chelone in Greek.

60.) Zeus, with Hera, turned King Haemus and Queen Rhodope into mountains (the Balkan Mountains, or Stara Planina, and Rhodope mountains, respectively) for their vanity.

61.) Zeus condemned Tantalus to eternal torture in Tartarus for trying to trick the gods into eating the flesh of his butchered son Pelops.

62.) Zelus, Nike, Cratos and Bia were Zeus’ retinue. - A retinue is a body of persons "retained" in the service of a noble or royal personage, a suite of "retainers".

63.) Zeus condemned Prometheus to having his liver eaten by a giant eagle for giving the Flames of Olympus to the mortals.

64.) Hetaeridia or Hetairidia was a name of a festival among Macedonian and Magnesians.

65.) The Cretans believed that Zeus died and was resurrected annually and his tomb is located on Mount Juchtas.


66.) Zeus turned Pandareus to stone for stealing the golden dog which had guarded him as an infant in the holy Dictaeon Cave of Crete.

67.) Zeus killed Salmoneus with a thunderbolt for attempting to impersonate him, riding around in a bronze chariot and loudly imitating thunder.

68.) Zeus turned Periphas into an eagle after his death, as a reward for being righteous and just.

Zeus in popular culture

69.) John Dory,
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Zeus.faber.jpg/250px-Zeus.faber.jpg

John Dory, also known as St Pierre or Peter’s Fish, refers to fish of the genus Zeus, especially Zeus faber, of widespread distribution. It is an edible benthic coastal marine fish with a laterally compressed olive-yellow body which has a large dark spot, and long spines on the dorsal fin.

70.) Zeus
Zeus is a Toronto-based Canadian indie rock band, signed to the record label Arts and Crafts, whose members include Rob Drake, Carlin Nicholson, Mike O'Brien, and Neil Quin.

71.) Zeus
Zeus is a fictional character, a god in the Marvel Comics universe based on the god of the same name from Greek mythology. Zeus first appears in Daring Mystery Comics #6 (September 1940) and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby.

72.) Zeus
Zeus is a wooden roller coaster located at Mount Olympus Water and Theme Park in Wisconsil Dells, Wisconsin, USA. The ride opened in 1997. The ride operates with a single train that has five cars each with four seats.

73.) Ex Zeus
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6b/Counter_Force.jpg
ExZeus (also known as Counter Force) is a video game developed by HyperDevbox Japan. It was released in 2003 in the arcades running on a Tsunami Visual Technologies TsuMo arcade cabinet. An Android port was made available in 2010

74.) Zeus Master of Olympus
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8e/Master_of_Olympus_-_Zeus_Coverart.png
Zeus: Master of Olympus (also Master of Olympus - Zeus) is the fifth full title of the City Building Series developed by Impressions Games and published by Sierra Entertainment.

75.) ZEUS Particle Detector
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/Zeus_calorimeter.JPG/220px-Zeus_calorimeter.JPG

ZEUS was a particle detector that operated on the HERA (Hadron Elektron Ring Anlage) particle accelerator at DESY, Hamburg. It began running together with HERA in 1992 and was functional until HERA was decommissioned in June 2007. The scientific collaboration behind ZEUS consisted of about 400 physicists from 56 institutes in 17 countries.

See also

The Macapagals in Philippine History



Here’s a list of notable Macapagals in the history of the Philippines. Will you consider them patriotic or the other way around?

Lakan Dula
Lakan Dula (1503–1589) was the Rajah or King of Tondo who fought the Spaniards during the colonization of the Philippines. Lakan Dula which means "lord" and "palace" in Kapampangan was the Malayan title for monarchs in Tondo. Banaw was the personal name of Lakan Dula recorded in Philippine history at the period of the Spanish colonization.

The Spaniards used Lakan Dula in pacifying the last independent settlements in Luzon which include Lubao and Betis. He helped the Spaniards in defending their settlements against the invasion of Chinese pirates led by Warlord Limahong.

Don Juan Macapagal
Don Juan Macapagal was Datu of Arayat. He was the great-grandson of the last ruling Lakandula (King) of Tondo, Don Carlos. He was given the title Maestre de Campo General of the natives Arayat, Candaba and Apalit for his aid in suppressing the Kapampangan Revolt of 1660. He further aided the Spanish crown in suppressing the Pangasinan Revolt of Don Andres Malong in the same year, and the Ilocano Revolt of 1661. Don Juan Macapagal died in 1683. Don Juan Macapagal is a direct ancestor of Philippine Revolutionary General, Lazaro Macapagal and two former Philippine Presidents, Diosdado Macapagal and his daughter, former Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

Lazaro Macapagal
Lazaro Macapagal is a General in the Philippine Revolution, known for his loyalty to Emilio Aguinaldo and his orders to execute Andres Bonifacio and his brothers. He is of royal blood by being a descendant of Don Juan Macapagal, a prince encomiendero of Tondo and he is an ancestor of Diosdado Macapagal, the 9th president of the Philippines and Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, the 14th President of the Philippines.

Diosdado Pangan Macapagal
Diosdado Pangan Macapagal (September 28, 1910 – April 21, 1997) was the 9th President of the Philippines, serving from 1961 to 1965, and the 6th Vice President, serving from 1957 to 1961. His daughter, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo served as president of the Philippines from 2001-2010. Diosdado Macapagal is a descendant of Don Juan Macapagal (a prince of Tondo) who was a great-grandson of the last reigning Rajah of Selurong, Rajah Lakandula

Maria Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
Maria Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (born April 5, 1947) was the 14th President of the Philippines from 2001 to 2010. She was the 12th Vice President of the Philippines from 1998 to 2001, and is currently a member of the House of Representatives. She is the daughter of former President Diosdado Macapagal. Numerous cases of plunder and graft and corruptions were filed in court against Macapagal-Arroyo and his husband. It is believed by many that she cheated in the controversial 2004 Presidential elections to assure her win. She was one of the most unpopular Philippine presidents for the many scam, corruptions and controversies during her regime.

Mickey Arroyo Macapagal
He owns million dollars worth of properties in California, USA, in the Philippines and anywhere else in the world. He is also allegedly a tax evader. He is now facing numerous cases of grafts and corruptions, tax evasions and many others.

See also

Sunday, November 6, 2011

Interesting Facts About George Lucas: A Hollywood Blockbuster Director

One of the most popular and commercially successful film directors in the world is George Lucas. Here’s a list of entertaining and interesting facts about this man of exceptional talent.

1.) George Lucas is an American motion-picture director, screenwriter and producer.

2.) He is the guiding force behind the Star Wars movie series.

3.) Lucas was born in Modesto, California, USA in 1944.

4.) He was educated at Modesto Junior College and the University of Southern California and graduated in 1966.

5.) Lucas’ career began with his prizewinning student film THX-1138 in 1965. This is a science-fiction story that he reworked as his feature-directing debut in 1971.



6.) He made American Graffiti in 1973 with the help of American film producer Francis Ford Coppola.

7.) His next film was Star Wars (A New Hope, 1977). This film revolutionized the commercial film industry.

8.) He served as executive producer for the Star Wars sequels The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983), as well as for the fantasy Willow (1988).

9.) He is also the executive producer of the popular Indiana Jones movie series directed by Steven Spielberg: Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984), and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989).

10.) Lucas also created and produced films and series for television, including the series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992-1994).

11.) He continued the story of Willow in a fantasy novel Shadow Moon (1995), the first installment of the Chronicles of the Shadow War trilogy that also included Shadow Dawn (1997) and Shadow Star (1999).

12.) In 1996, he formed Lucas Learning Ltd., a multimedia publishing company making educational products.

13.) In 1997, Star Wars, The Empire Strikes Back, and Return of the Jedi were rereleased. The new versions featured new, digitally enhanced special effects and scenes.

14.) In 1999, Lucas released The Phantom Menace, the first prequel to the Star Wars movies.

15.) In 2002, he released the second episode, Attack of the Clones.
16.) The third, Revenge of the Sith was released in 2005 – the final Star Wars feature film according to Lucas.

17.) These prequels tell the story of Anakin Skywalker, Luke Skywalker’s father.

18.) Altogether, the Star Wars films have grossed billions of dollars.

19.) Numerous television series, books and other related ventures were planned about Star Wars.

20.) George Lucas had an estimated net worth of $3.2 billion as of 2011.

Time 100 2006 gala, George Lucas.




21.) In 1969, he married Marcia Lou Griffin, a film editor. They adopted a daughter named Amanda in 1981. They divorced in 1983.

22.) Lucas had no child of his own. He also adopted Katie, born in 1988 and Jett, born in 1993.

23.) All his three children appeared in the Star Wars prequels.

24.) Lucas had been in a long relationship with and engaged to singer Linda Ronstadt.

25.) He is currently in a relationship with Mellody Hobson. He has been dating Mellody Hobson, president of Ariel Investments, since 2006.

See also
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